This study aimed to examine the scales developed and adapted for stigma in Turkey in terms of their suitability for the development and adaptation stages. In this study, 27 studies prepared within the scope of scale development were examined. The sample size of the examined scales varies between 95-1100 people. The majority of the scales have three factors (40.7%) and the number of items varies between 9-53. The Likert type used in the answers to the scales is five in most (51.8%). Content validity was not mentioned in 10 of the scales. Explanatory factor analysis was included in all studies, but confirmatory factor analysis was not mentioned in 4 studies. Test-retest method correlations were found to be above 0.70 in 6 studies. In addition, the parallel testing method was used in 8 studies. Cronbachs alpha coefficient varies between 0.710-0.965 in all scales. Additionally, in some studies, split-half analyses were conducted using Spearman-Brown (13 scales) and Guttman (7 scales) tests as determinants of internal consistency. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient and Bartletts test of sphericity were measured on all scales except one study. As a result, although the scales generally meet some qualifications in terms of validity and reliability, standards need to be increased.

There is a multidirectional relationship between bank loans and economic growth. While bank loans support economic growth, the same relationship is also valid for the opposite situation. This study tests the relationship between bank loans and economic growth. The study analyzes quarterly data for the period between 2010 Q1 - 2022 Q4 in Turkey. According to the results of Toda-Yamamoto causality test, there is a causality relationship between economic growth and SME loans, commercial loans and consumer loans. In other words, economic growth has an effect on the volume of loans extended by banks.

Womens cooperatives in our country are an organization that has gained importance and become widespread in recent years. Womens cooperatives are structures where women gather around certain goals and act together. The popularization of womens cooperatives and the increase in the number of cooperatives have brought about various problems. It is thought that the deficiencies or beneficial aspects of these structures can be revealed through womens cooperative studies carried out in our country. For this reason, bibliometric analysis, one of the qualitative research methods, was conducted with the studies on womens cooperatives in the YÖK thesis database. Among the postgraduate studies in the YÖK thesis database, theses containing "womens cooperative" and similar spellings in the thesis title and abstract were included in our study. 29 postgraduate studies collected as a result of the filtering were analyzed with Microsoft Excel and MAXQDA 2020 programs. Theses published on womens cooperatives in the YÖK thesis database include writing language, study subjects, keywords, word analysis, gender of the authors, types of theses, years of publication, advisor titles, university statuses where they were published, departments, universities, regions where the universities are located, institutes where they were accepted, research methods, It was evaluated according to data collection techniques and findings

The purpose of this study is to show how women with hobbies or talents transform their social media environments into a workspace. This study describes the social media pages of mother entrepreneurs who have built and presented their own small circuit; women entrepreneurs, stayat-home moms, women who have quit their jobs, or those who are using it to create new jobs. The goals of the research is to examine what kind of work mothers do on social media who use social media but do not play an active role in business. The visual elements on the social media pages that are suitable for mothers entrepreneurship in Istanbul province were analyzed using the content analysis method. The results of the research show that the social media pages are used by women entrepreneurs for event announcements and informational and promotional purposes. Nowadays, the intensity of social media use attracts the attention of many people regardless of age, gender and education level. Especially mothers use social media pages effectively. This study discusses the concept of mother entrepreneurship by combining the concepts of entrepreneurship and motherhood; the place and importance of social media in achieving a balance between work and family is examined. During the literature review, it was found that limited research has been conducted on the concept. The concept of entrepreneurship is supported in the literature but there is no study in the field of social media related to maternal entrepreneurship. While the studies in the literature address the sanctity of the mother figure, they also explain the phenomenon of entrepreneurship under the umbrella of female entrepreneurship.

Rapid and continuous development in technology is one of the main issues that explain todays conditions. Industry 4.0 has revealed radical changes in production processes with the development of technology. Management information systems have also been affected by these changes. Management information systems are systems that provide the flow of data, information and information in carrying out the activities of businesses. Industry 4.0 is the 4th industrial revolution that includes technologies such as digitalization, internet of things, big data and artificial intelligence. Industry 4.0 has significant impacts on management information systems. While efficiency in production processes increases thanks to the internet of things, decision-making processes are improved with artificial intelligence. Customer needs are better understood with big data analysis. The use of Industry 4.0 in management information systems increases the competitiveness of businesses. While costs decrease with increased efficiency in production, innovative products and services can be developed. As a result, the role of Industry 4.0 in management information systems will increase with the influence of digitalization. Efficiency can be increased through system modernization and integration of Industry 4.0 components. The aim of the study is to examine industry 4.0 from the perspective of management information systems. Document analysis method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. Accordingly, examinations were made by scanning the current literature on industry 4.0 and management information systems. According to the results obtained, with industry 4.0, there must be a strong digital infrastructure in management information systems and this should be taken into consideration for success. Considering the results of the study, it is recommended to closely follow the development of industry 4.0 technologies.